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How US Income Tax Brackets Work: 2026 Rates and Examples

Each bracket taxes only the slice of income inside it. IRS 2026 and 2025 tables for every filing status, a $100,000 example and a calculator.

Rev. · 12 refs · 10 textbook or government ·

In short

A federal tax bracket taxes only the slice of taxable income inside it, so moving into a higher bracket never raises the rate on the money below it1. For tax year 2026 a single filer pays 10% up to $12,400 and 37% above $640,600, after a $16,100 standard deduction2.

Brackets
Seven federal rates, 10% to 37%3
2026 single
22% above $50,400; 37% above $640,6002
Standard deduction 2026
$16,100 single; $32,200 joint; $24,150 head of household2
Which table
2026 rates for income earned in 2026, filed in 20272; 2025 rates for income earned in 20251
$100,000 of wages, single
Taxable $83,900; tax $13,170 (our arithmetic, 2026)4
Senior deduction
$6,000 for people 65 and older, 2025 through 20285
On this page
  1. Key takeaways
  2. How tax brackets work
  3. 2026 federal income tax brackets
  4. 2025 federal income tax brackets
  5. Standard deduction: taxable income comes first
  6. Marginal rate vs effective rate
  7. What tax bracket am I in if I make $100,000 per year?
  8. How are federal tax brackets determined?
  9. How do you avoid the 22% tax bracket?
  10. Who gets the new $6,000 tax break?
  11. What the brackets leave out
A bar for $83,900 of 2026 taxable income split into three layers: the first $12,400 taxed at 10 percent for $1,240, the next $38,000 at 12 percent for $4,560 and the last $33,500 at 22 percent for $7,370, a total of $13,170 or 15.7 percent of taxable income
One filer's taxable income, cut into the three layers it passes through.

A tax bracket is a price list for slices of income, and the slice you are standing in sets only the price of your last dollars. That one idea clears up the worry about a raise “pushing you into a higher bracket”, and it is why the rate on a tax return and the share of income that actually goes to tax are different numbers. Below: how the layers work, the bracket tables for the current and the prior tax year in the four common filing statuses, what the standard deduction does before any bracket applies, a worked example at a round income, the rules that set and update the brackets, how deductions move taxable income, and a calculator. The money section has the rest of the household math.

Key takeaways

  • Each bracket taxes only the income inside it, and the higher rate never reaches the income below1.
  • Brackets apply to taxable income, which is income minus the standard deduction or itemized deductions6.
  • For 2026 the standard deduction is $16,100 for single filers, $32,200 for joint filers and $24,150 for heads of household2.
  • The 2026 tables are for money earned in 2026 and generally apply to returns filed in 20272.
  • The 2025 tables are for money earned in 20251.
  • A single filer’s 2026 rates run from 10% up to $12,400 to 37% above $640,6002.
  • The dollar edges are indexed to inflation each year and the rates are not7.
  • A $6,000 deduction for people 65 and older runs for 2025 through 20285.

How tax brackets work

You pay tax as a percentage of your income in layers called tax brackets, and as income goes up, the rate on the next layer is higher1. When income jumps into a higher bracket, the higher rate does not apply to all of it; it applies only to the part that is in the new bracket1. A tax bracket is the range of incomes taxed at given rates, and the ranges typically differ by filing status3. There are seven federal individual brackets, and the system is progressive: rates rise as income rises3.

The figure splits one case into its layers. A single filer with $83,900 of taxable income pays 10% on the first $12,400, 12% on the next $38,000 and 22% on the last $33,500 (our arithmetic with the 2026 rates)2.

A bar for $83,900 of 2026 taxable income split into three layers: the first $12,400 taxed at 10 percent for $1,240, the next $38,000 at 12 percent for $4,560 and the last $33,500 at 22 percent for $7,370, a total of $13,170 or 15.7 percent of taxable income
One filer's taxable income, cut into the three layers it passes through.

Worked example (our arithmetic). Inputs: taxable income of $83,900, a single filer, the 2026 rates and thresholds24.

Layer Income in the layer Rate Tax
First $12,400 10% $1,2404
Second $50,400 − $12,400 = $38,000 12% $4,5604
Third $83,900 − $50,400 = $33,500 22% $7,3704
Total $13,1704

The federal tax table gives the same total in one step: $5,800 plus 22% of the excess over $50,400, which is 5,800 + 0.22 × 33,500 = $13,170 (our arithmetic)4.

2026 federal income tax brackets

For tax year 2026 the top rate stays 37%, for single filers above $640,600 and for married couples filing jointly above $768,7002. The IRS announced the 2026 inflation adjustments on October 9, 2025, and they generally apply to returns filed in 20272. The other rates start at: 35% above $256,225 for single filers ($512,450 joint), 32% above $201,775 ($403,550 joint), 24% above $105,700 ($211,400 joint), 22% above $50,400 ($100,800 joint) and 12% above $12,400 ($24,800 joint)2. The 10% rate covers single incomes of $12,400 or less and joint incomes of $24,800 or less2.

The tables below come from the IRS revenue procedure on the 2026 adjustments, which gives each bracket as a base tax plus a rate on the excess4. They apply to taxable income, which is income after deductions.

Single filers, 2026

Rate Taxable income Tax at the bottom of the bracket
10% Up to $12,400 $0, then 10% of the income4
12% $12,400 to $50,400 $1,240 plus 12% of the excess over $12,4004
22% $50,400 to $105,700 $5,800 plus 22% of the excess over $50,4004
24% $105,700 to $201,775 $17,966 plus 24% of the excess over $105,7004
32% $201,775 to $256,225 $41,024 plus 32% of the excess over $201,7754
35% $256,225 to $640,600 $58,448 plus 35% of the excess over $256,2254
37% Over $640,600 $192,979.25 plus 37% of the excess over $640,6004

Married filing jointly and surviving spouses, 2026

Rate Taxable income Tax at the bottom of the bracket
10% Up to $24,800 $0, then 10% of the income4
12% $24,800 to $100,800 $2,480 plus 12% of the excess over $24,8004
22% $100,800 to $211,400 $11,600 plus 22% of the excess over $100,8004
24% $211,400 to $403,550 $35,932 plus 24% of the excess over $211,4004
32% $403,550 to $512,450 $82,048 plus 32% of the excess over $403,5504
35% $512,450 to $768,700 $116,896 plus 35% of the excess over $512,4504
37% Over $768,700 $206,583.50 plus 37% of the excess over $768,7004

Heads of household, 2026

Rate Taxable income Tax at the bottom of the bracket
10% Up to $17,700 $0, then 10% of the income4
12% $17,700 to $67,450 $1,770 plus 12% of the excess over $17,7004
22% $67,450 to $105,700 $7,740 plus 22% of the excess over $67,4504
24% $105,700 to $201,750 $16,155 plus 24% of the excess over $105,7004
32% $201,750 to $256,200 $39,207 plus 32% of the excess over $201,7504
35% $256,200 to $640,600 $56,631 plus 35% of the excess over $256,2004
37% Over $640,600 $191,171 plus 37% of the excess over $640,6004

Married filing separately, 2026

The married-filing-separately table matches the single table through the 35% bracket, which then ends at $384,350 instead of $640,6004.

Rate Taxable income Tax at the bottom of the bracket
10% Up to $12,400 $0, then 10% of the income4
12% $12,400 to $50,400 $1,240 plus 12% of the excess over $12,4004
22% $50,400 to $105,700 $5,800 plus 22% of the excess over $50,4004
24% $105,700 to $201,775 $17,966 plus 24% of the excess over $105,7004
32% $201,775 to $256,225 $41,024 plus 32% of the excess over $201,7754
35% $256,225 to $384,350 $58,448 plus 35% of the excess over $256,2254
37% Over $384,350 $103,291.75 plus 37% of the excess over $384,3504

2025 federal income tax brackets

The 2025 tables are for money earned in 2025, and the 2026 rates are for money earned in 20261. A return filed in 2026 therefore uses the 2025 table. Each bracket starts one dollar above the previous top, as the IRS lists them, and the last column is our arithmetic from the rates1.

Single filers, 2025

Rate Taxable income Tax at the bottom of the bracket (our arithmetic)
10% Up to $11,9251 $01
12% $11,926 to $48,4751 $1,192.501
22% $48,476 to $103,3501 $5,578.501
24% $103,351 to $197,3001 $17,6511
32% $197,301 to $250,5251 $40,1991
35% $250,526 to $626,3501 $57,2311
37% $626,351 and up1 $188,769.751

Married filing jointly and surviving spouses, 2025

Rate Taxable income Tax at the bottom of the bracket (our arithmetic)
10% Up to $23,8501 $01
12% $23,851 to $96,9501 $2,3851
22% $96,951 to $206,7001 $11,1571
24% $206,701 to $394,6001 $35,3021
32% $394,601 to $501,0501 $80,3981
35% $501,051 to $751,6001 $114,4621
37% $751,601 and up1 $202,154.501

Heads of household, 2025

Rate Taxable income Tax at the bottom of the bracket (our arithmetic)
10% Up to $17,0001 $01
12% $17,001 to $64,8501 $1,7001
22% $64,851 to $103,3501 $7,4421
24% $103,351 to $197,3001 $15,9121
32% $197,301 to $250,5001 $38,4601
35% $250,501 to $626,3501 $55,4841
37% $626,351 and up1 $187,031.501

Married filing separately, 2025

Rate Taxable income Tax at the bottom of the bracket (our arithmetic)
10% Up to $11,9251 $01
12% $11,926 to $48,4751 $1,192.501
22% $48,476 to $103,3501 $5,578.501
24% $103,351 to $197,3001 $17,6511
32% $197,301 to $250,5251 $40,1991
35% $250,526 to $375,8001 $57,2311
37% $375,801 and up1 $101,077.251

Brackets moved up from 2025 to 2026 because they are indexed, and the table shows by how much (our arithmetic from the two IRS tables)14.

Where each bracket ends, 2025 against 2026

Filing status Bracket top (rate) 2025 2026 Change
Single 10% bracket $11,925 $12,400 +$47514
Single 12% bracket $48,475 $50,400 +$1,92514
Single 22% bracket $103,350 $105,700 +$2,35014
Single 24% bracket $197,300 $201,775 +$4,47514
Single 32% bracket $250,525 $256,225 +$5,70014
Single 35% bracket $626,350 $640,600 +$14,25014
Joint 10% bracket $23,850 $24,800 +$95014
Joint 12% bracket $96,950 $100,800 +$3,85014
Joint 22% bracket $206,700 $211,400 +$4,70014
Joint 24% bracket $394,600 $403,550 +$8,95014
Joint 32% bracket $501,050 $512,450 +$11,40014
Joint 35% bracket $751,600 $768,700 +$17,10014

Brackets moved up from 2025 to 2026 because they are indexed. The single 22% bracket begins above $48,475 for 20251 and above $50,400 for 20262, so the same taxable income can land in a lower bracket in 2026 than in 2025.

Standard deduction: taxable income comes first

Brackets apply to taxable income, not to what a paycheck or a wage statement shows. Deductions reduce the amount of taxable income, and in general a filer takes the standard deduction or itemizes6. The standard deduction is a specific dollar amount that reduces the income on which you are taxed8. It is adjusted each year for inflation and varies with filing status, with whether the filer is 65 or older or blind, and with whether another taxpayer can claim the filer as a dependent8. Filing status also helps determine the tax rate9. It generally depends on whether the filer is single or married9. It has to be settled before the standard deduction and the tax can be figured9. The filing requirements apply even when no tax is owed9.

Filing status Standard deduction, tax year 2025 Standard deduction, tax year 2026
Single $15,7502 $16,1002
Married filing separately $15,7502 $16,1002
Married filing jointly $31,5002 $32,2002
Head of household $23,6252 $24,1502

A filer cannot take the standard deduction and itemize in the same year8. Itemizing makes sense when allowable itemized deductions on Schedule A are greater than the standard deduction6. Single or married is decided at the end of the tax year, which is December 31 for most taxpayers9. For 2025 the extra standard deduction for age 65 or older, or for blindness, is $1,6008.

Bracket and take-home check: what a given salary means

For wages with no other income or adjustments, taxable income is wages minus the standard deduction8. The next two tables apply that rule to round salaries (our arithmetic, 2026 tables and deductions)24.

Wages Taxable income Bracket Federal income tax Share of wages
$40,000 $23,900 12% $2,620 6.55%4
$60,000 $43,900 12% $5,020 8.37%4
$80,000 $63,900 22% $8,770 10.96%4
$120,000 $103,900 22% $17,570 14.64%4
$160,000 $143,900 24% $27,134 16.96%4
$220,000 $203,900 32% $41,704 18.96%4
$300,000 $283,900 35% $68,134.25 22.71%4
Wages Taxable income Bracket Federal income tax Share of wages
$60,000 $27,800 12% $2,840 4.73%4
$100,000 $67,800 12% $7,640 7.64%4
$150,000 $117,800 22% $15,340 10.23%4
$200,000 $167,800 22% $26,340 13.17%4
$250,000 $217,800 24% $37,468 14.99%4
$350,000 $317,800 24% $61,468 17.56%4
$500,000 $467,800 32% $102,608 20.52%4

Marginal rate vs effective rate

The marginal rate is the rate on the next dollar of taxable income, which is the rate of the bracket the last dollar falls in1. The effective rate is the total tax divided by income. Both are our definitions of two ratios, and the second is always lower than the first for anyone above the 10% bracket.

Worked example (our arithmetic). Inputs: a single filer, 2026 table, and the taxable incomes in the first column4.

Taxable income Tax Marginal rate Effective rate on taxable income
$20,000 $2,152 12% 10.76%4
$50,000 $5,752 12% 11.50%4
$75,000 $11,212 22% 14.95%4
$100,000 $16,712 22% 16.71%4
$150,000 $28,598 24% 19.07%4
$250,000 $56,456 32% 22.58%4
$500,000 $143,769.25 35% 28.75%4
$700,000 $214,957.25 37% 30.71%4

At $700,000 of taxable income the marginal rate is 37% and the effective rate is 30.71% (our arithmetic), because the lower layers are taxed at lower rates4. The effective rate climbs toward the top rate and does not reach it.

The same ratios for the other two main filing statuses, 2026 tables, taxable income in the first column (our arithmetic)4:

Married filing jointly, 2026

Taxable income Tax Marginal rate Effective rate on taxable income
$25,000 $2,504 12% 10.02%4
$50,000 $5,504 12% 11.01%4
$100,000 $11,504 12% 11.50%4
$150,000 $22,424 22% 14.95%4
$250,000 $45,196 24% 18.08%4
$400,000 $81,196 24% 20.30%4
$600,000 $147,538.50 35% 24.59%4
$800,000 $218,164.50 37% 27.27%4

Heads of household, 2026

The same ratios for head of household, 2026 table (our arithmetic)4:

Taxable income Tax Marginal rate Effective rate on taxable income
$20,000 $2,046 12% 10.23%4
$50,000 $5,646 12% 11.29%4
$75,000 $9,401 22% 12.53%4
$100,000 $14,901 22% 14.90%4
$150,000 $26,787 24% 17.86%4
$250,000 $54,647 32% 21.86%4
$500,000 $141,961 35% 28.39%4
$700,000 $213,149 37% 30.45%4

Single filers, 2025

For comparison, the 2025 single table (rates and edges from the IRS page) gives these results (our arithmetic)1:

Taxable income Tax Marginal rate Effective rate on taxable income
$20,000 $2,161.50 12% 10.81%1
$50,000 $5,914 22% 11.83%1
$75,000 $11,414 22% 15.22%1
$100,000 $16,914 22% 16.91%1
$150,000 $28,847 24% 19.23%1
$250,000 $57,063 32% 22.83%1
$500,000 $144,547.25 35% 28.91%1
$700,000 $216,020.25 37% 30.86%1

What tax bracket am I in if I make $100,000 per year?

For wage income of $100,000 with no other adjustments, the bracket follows from filing status and the standard deduction8. A single filer in 2026 subtracts $16,100 and has $83,900 of taxable income, which is in the 22% bracket24. A married couple filing jointly subtracts $32,200 and has $67,800, which is in the 12% bracket24. A head of household subtracts $24,150 and has $75,850, which is in the 22% bracket24.

Worked example (our arithmetic). Inputs: $100,000 of wages, the 2026 standard deduction for each status, the 2026 tables, no credits or other adjustments24.

Filing status Taxable income Bracket Federal income tax Share of the $100,000
Single $83,900 22% $13,1704 13.17%4
Married filing jointly $67,800 12% $7,6404 7.64%4
Head of household $75,850 22% $9,5884 9.59%4

The same pay lands in different brackets because the standard deduction and the bracket edges both depend on filing status9. The result leaves out credits, state tax, and payroll taxes, and it is arithmetic and not tax advice.

How are federal tax brackets determined?

The rates sit in the Internal Revenue Code, and the dollar edges of the brackets move each year by formula7. By law the Treasury Secretary must prescribe new tables each year, not later than December 15, for the following calendar year7. The tables raise the minimum and maximum dollar amount of each bracket by the cost-of-living adjustment and leave the rates unchanged7. The adjustment uses the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics7. An increase that is not a multiple of $50 is rounded down to the next lowest multiple of $507.

The IRS publishes the result as a revenue procedure; for 2026 it adjusts more than 60 provisions including the rate tables24. The same 2026 adjustments set the alternative minimum tax exemption for unmarried individuals at $90,100, beginning to phase out at $500,0002.

How do you avoid the 22% tax bracket?

The bracket depends on taxable income, so the question is really about what lowers taxable income. Two examples from IRS rules show the mechanics. Elective deferrals to a 401(k) are made on a pretax basis and are not reported as wages on Form 104010. The 401(k) employee contribution limit is $24,500 for 2026, up from $23,500 for 202511. The standard deduction is the other lever: it comes off income before the brackets apply8.

Worked example (our arithmetic). Inputs: a single filer, $100,000 of wages, the 2026 tables, and a pretax 401(k) deferral at the 2026 limit, with no other changes41110.

Case Taxable income Federal income tax Change
No deferral $83,900 $13,1704 none
$24,500 deferred $83,900 − $24,500 = $59,400 $7,7804 −$5,390, which is 22% of $24,5004

The deferral lowers tax by the marginal rate times the amount, 22% × 24,500 = $5,390, and the filer is still in the 22% bracket because $59,400 is above $50,4004. Leaving the 22% bracket would take taxable income at or below $50,400, or a further $9,000 of reduction in this case (our arithmetic)4. Deferrals are still counted as wages for Social Security and Medicare taxes10. This shows how the arithmetic works and is not a recommendation to contribute.

Who gets the new $6,000 tax break?

The $6,000 deduction is for people age 65 and older. Effective for 2025 through 2028, an individual who is 65 or older may claim an additional deduction of $6,000, on top of the additional standard deduction for seniors5. It is per eligible person, so a married couple where both spouses qualify can take $12,0005. It phases out for modified adjusted gross income over $75,000 ($150,000 for joint filers)5. A filer needs a valid Social Security number, files a joint return if married, and claims the deduction on Schedule 1-A of Form 10408.

It is separate from the standard deduction8. A deduction lowers taxable income, so its value depends on the bracket.

Worked example (our arithmetic). Inputs: a $6,000 deduction applied to income that is entirely inside one bracket5.

Marginal bracket Tax saved Calculation
10% $600 6,000 × 10%5
12% $720 6,000 × 12%5
22% $1,320 6,000 × 22%5

The 2025 law also created deductions for tips, overtime pay and car loan interest, each effective for 2025 through 2028 and each capped by size and by income5.

Deduction Maximum Phases out above modified adjusted gross income of
Qualified tips $25,0005 $150,000, or $300,000 joint5
Qualified overtime pay $12,500, or $25,000 joint5 $150,000, or $300,000 joint5
Car loan interest $10,0005 $100,000, or $200,000 joint5
Seniors, age 65 and older $6,000 per person5 $75,000, or $150,000 joint5

Try your own numbers

Federal bracket calculator

Ordinary income only, before credits, with the tables on this page. Nothing you type leaves this page.

Taxable income
–
Federal income tax
–
Marginal rate
–
Effective rate
–

The default inputs reproduce the single filer’s $13,170 above4. The calculator applies the standard deduction from the table above and the bracket edges from this page, and it leaves out credits, other taxes and the extra deductions listed earlier.

What the brackets leave out

The brackets cover ordinary income. Net capital gains can be taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income12. Generally, an asset held for more than one year before it is sold produces a long-term gain12. For 2025 the 0% capital gains rate applies up to $48,350 of taxable income for single filers, and above the thresholds for the 15% rate a 20% rate applies12.

Filing status 0% rate, taxable income up to 15% rate, taxable income above that and up to
Single $48,35012 $533,40012
Married filing separately $48,35012 $300,00012
Married filing jointly and qualifying surviving spouse $96,70012 $600,05012
Head of household $64,75012 $566,70012

Gains from collectibles such as coins or art are taxed at a maximum of 28%12. Net short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at the graduated rates in the tables12. Social Security and Medicare taxes are separate from the brackets: a 401(k) deferral skips income tax withholding but still counts as wages for them10.

For the compounding behind retirement balances see the retirement savings math; for how a rate quoted per year turns into a yearly yield, APR vs APY; and for the yearly cost of a loan, how long it takes to pay off a loan. The IRS pages behind this one are the federal rates and brackets page, the 2026 adjustment announcement and the standard deduction topic.

RelatedHow Much Do You Need to Retire? The Math, Step by StepAPR vs APY: The Difference, With the Math and ExamplesHow Long to Pay Off a Loan: Formula and Calculator

Sources

  1. Federal income tax rates and brackets · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  2. IRS releases tax inflation adjustments for tax year 2026, including amendments from the One, Big, Beautiful Bill · Internal Revenue Service (IR-2025-103, October 9, 2025) · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  3. Tax Brackets (Tax Foundation tax glossary) · Tax Foundation · taxfoundation.org · checked October 21, 2026
  4. Revenue Procedure 2025-32, section 4: 2026 adjusted items · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  5. Working Families Tax Cuts: Tax deductions for working Americans and seniors (FS-2025-03) · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  6. Topic no. 501, Should I itemize? · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  7. 26 U.S. Code § 1 - Tax imposed · Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School · law.cornell.edu · checked October 21, 2026
  8. Topic no. 551, Standard deduction · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  9. Publication 501, Dependents, Standard Deduction, and Filing Information · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  10. Topic no. 424, 401(k) plans · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  11. 401(k) limit increases to $24,500 for 2026, IRA limit increases to $7,500 · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026
  12. Topic no. 409, Capital gains and losses · Internal Revenue Service · irs.gov · checked October 21, 2026

Published . Every source shows the day it was read. Diagrams: original, by the editors. How we check facts · Report an error.

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